Fall of Labor Unions Free Essays

What do you think of when you hear the phrase â€Å"labor unions?† Most people associate a negative connotation with labor unions. They think that labor unions are the only cause of strikes and work stoppages. Most think that people in unions are greedy and will do anything to get more money. We will write a custom essay sample on Fall of Labor Unions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Others swear by their unions, saying that their employers would take advantage of them if they didn†t organize their unions. However as we prepare to enter the new millennium, labor unions are decreasing in size. Let†s look at some of reasons. First, the numbers are unmistakable. At the end of 1997, when the most recent count was made, only 14.1% of workers belonged to unions, the lowest percentage since 1936 (Gross 23). This is a dramatic decrease from when unions were at their height at the end of World War II when 35.3% of Americans were in unions (Galenson 13). One cause of this fall of union membership is the decline of manufacturing in America and the transfer of much manufacturing work over seas (Gross 24). Because of advances in technology and labor saving innovations, fewer people are required to make steel and assembler automobiles. As a result, only 16.1% of U.S. workers now work in factories, down from 22.8% twenty years ago (Aronwitz 2). There has also been a decrease in size of the large corporations, which in the past usually signed industry-wide contracts to produce a particular item. The latest figures show that the 800 largest firms employed 17% of the total workforce, down from 25.7% twenty years ago (Aronwitz 3). Many of these companies have their work done abroad. Nike does not make a single shoe in the United States and many insurance companies are having paperwork processed over seas (Hacker 45). At home corporate jobs are frequently assigned to temporary workers, who are often classified as â€Å"independent contractors† and are not very likely to join unions. Indeed, there are fewer long-term jobs, something union seniority could once guarantee. Last year, among men aged forty to forty-five, only 39.1% had worked ten or more years at their current job, compared with 51.1 percent in 1983 (Galenson 27). So, one might ask, what caused this to happen? At some point in the 1980s, the balance of power shifted against labor unions. Some say the defining moment was in 1981, when then-U.S. president Ronald Reagan forced an end to the bitter air traffic controllers’ strike. Others point to the 1985 victory of then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher over striking coal miners (Gross 239). Whatever the reason, unions are trying to make a comeback. There are several strategies that unions have devised to return to their former glory. Unions have adopted a more lenient attitude towards management, reducing the number of strikes to record lows in the 1980s and early 90s, and attempting to negotiate contracts providing job security for members (Gross 278). Unions have also placed greater emphasis on organizing drives for new members. Although unions have been very successful in organizing government employees, they have been less successful with recruiting office workers in the rapidly expanding services sector. However, during the last two decades, the wage advantage for unionized workers with private jobs has fallen by 44.1 percent, although the public sector has increased by 9.5 percent (Maguire 20). Currently, 41.9% of union members are from the public sector. Among the most strongly unionized occupations are firefighters (71.6%), flight attendants (69.4%), and high school teachers (56.1%). Only 28.6 percent of coal miners belong to unions and only 19.5% of truck drivers (Hacker 47). Despite all of the downsides of unions they do have their benefits. Here are a few examples of salaries secured through collective bargaining by highly trained professionals: Pilots with only fifteen years of service at Northwest, American, United, and US Airways now earn on average over $175,000 a year. Professors at New York City University can now get as much as $101,655 for twenty-eight weeks of teaching. Under the current National Basketball Association contract, first year players-some of them right out of high school-will start at $300,000 (Hacker 48). The recent NBA lockout has shaped many peoples† opinions on labor unions. Most people, myself included, thought that it was ridiculous for these people to be having a labor dispute. The players are already making an insane amount of money and the owners are millionaires themselves looking to add to their pocketbooks also. The real losers in this battle are the fans who love the game. They cannot see their favorite players in action because of this dispute. This just goes to show you that labor markets affect us in our everyday lives. Another way labor unions can affect our lives is when they decide to strike. This can effect hundreds, even thousands of workers in the General Motors strike in 1998. In the case with the automobile industry, many factories are involved in the production of their cars. If even one of these factories strikes then the other factories must also shut down. This chain reaction can render thousands of workers jobless in just a few weeks. The union members know that there is always a potential risk of striking as accept as part of their job. What role will unions play in the future? Will they ever return to former glory? Nobody knows for sure. Economists have mixed feeling on this matter. Some say that the workers of the twenty-first century will demand a return to the unions and organize in record numbers. Others say that the current trend will prevail and almost wipeout unions completely until there are only a handful of them remaining. My opinion is that unions will stick around for as long as people are working. They will be there to protect the rights of the individual worker and make sure that he or she is treated fairly. How to cite Fall of Labor Unions, Essay examples

Research in Transportation Business Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Research in Transportation Business Management. Answer: Introduction: Border management could be defined as controls and measures taken by a country or state with the aim of monitoring its borders. Recently as a result of globalization, the mobility of persons and products have significantly increased needing improved immigration and border control measures to more effectively and properly maintain the border cross of people and products. Consequently, countries are still faced with a common downside that of how to properly and effectively facilitate the legal mobility of individuals and products while preserving borders that is secure (Arbel Brenner, 2014). Recently, countries have been forced to recognize the role of trading to maintaining amicable financial growth. Obsolete and excessively bureaucratic clearance procedures on the border brought about by customs officials are at the moment considered as causing greater hindrances to trade than tariffs (Frontex, 2017). Border officials mostly the customs departments, border police, and the immigration services are charged primarily with the intake of persons and products at the ports of entry and/or exit, as well as for the detection and control of persons and goods who may want to pass the borders illegally. Effective border and immigration control strategies and policies, aided by professional, properly trained border, customs and immigration officials, enhance mobility management at the borders and prohibit uncontrolled migration thus enhancing the detection of illegal migrants and persons that have been trafficked, with the main aim of crippling organized criminal cartels and securing the rights of the affected vulnerable individuals (Arbel Brenner, 2014). Each country or state possesses its own border security concerns. Whereas borders at sea are the sole focus of places like Cyprus and Malta, other countries, such as Austria, lack any sea border but are have large and extensive land borders. Also, the policies and structures every country needs vary extensively. For example, some utilize trained border officials, whereas others utilize policemen and women linked to borders or other officials for border management (Frontex, 2017). For this paper, we will use Canada as our case study. Efficient border control goes hand to hand with the proper control of border processes to permit the free crossing of the border of less risky individuals and products for mutually beneficial objectives between states. Recently, instability in the economy has shown that neither the Canadians nor the Americans can possibly take respective successes as well as economic continued growth not seriously. The dangers as a result of local terrorism-related threats as well as external risks increasingly look like long-term dangers to proper security and control of the border for example organized violence acts and uncontrolled movement, instead of the crisis which manifested earlier on from the 9/11. The dangers of considering the security of the border and those other facilitating problems under this perspective will most probably lead to less effective security and financial impact (PWC, 2015). Effective measures can solve security difficulties in cases of bolstering economic growth and society aid while providing great examples of mainly free, successful and properly working societies to an observant world (Polner, 2011). However, various reasons seem to show that the chances as well the need for a vast survey of control of the border strategies that would help the two countries i.e. Canada and America administrations enhance border integration and at the same time control and decrease identified dangers facing individuals in the countries and while coming up with strategies that enhance their larger economic profitability as well as security (Polner, 2011). Firstly, politicians have begun realizing that the danger of local violence could bear a similarity to the larger period difficulties faced during the era of coexistence and huge competition among nations and ideology strategies that was very much characterized during the Cold War (Springer Davidson, 2015). These difficulties have further reinforced the requirement for financial as well as social tolerance along the medium as well as long-term. Also, they further show the vital obligation to solve safety difficulties aimed at enhancing economic success as well as the larger society help which would bring about attractive cases of free, successful as well as a full working society to the whole world (Springer Davidson, 2015). Also, the recent economic instability may have indicated the particular truth that not the Americans or Canadians could not take their economic security and prosperity seriously. The financial downsides occurring recently in the two countries carry distinct reasons. For the U.S. for example, it is indicated that the reduction in inflation of the specific market value, stringent markets, much exposure to loans and debts and other issues prone to the motor sector and money value imbalances with large partners in trading, for example, Brazil (Vallet, 2014). Canada, for example, indicates spillages coming from a weakening U.S. economy, the impact of high products cost and currency rates of exchange on the few industries and the impacts of an ever-present drop on an economy mostly dependent on export. The impacts relate to vast global difficulties that are beyond the management and control of any national parliament, especially those brought about by developing economies, for example, those of China and Brazil (Yu Huang, 2014). The failure to deal with the problems arising from insecurity on the border and border control enhances further the peril of causing arguments over insecurity and border controls into negative, zero or some conflicts among countries and amongst the nationals. These implications could potentially destabilize the division of raw materials amongst the competing society and political needs aimed at serving both security and economic security objectives (Yu Huang, 2014). Some individuals have further explained that the difficulties could be way pronounced during division procedures the security officials strategies in the U.S. Additionally, the decision makers from both Canada and U.S. are undergoing times of change politically. Principles related to effective border control (Davis Friske, 2013): Strong political will and between agencies cooperation to bring together extensive cooperation that has been brought about between the United States and Canada on a wider spectrum of border problems Improved border decision making cooperation in the planning and application of structural improvements Substantial increases in number of border officials ready for the job along the border, with relatively more specific recruitment duties to delegate recruiting more efficiently with traffic degrees Enhanced coordination of trustworthy ship schedules to reduce doubles, streamline entry needs, and apply proposed land pilot projects The formulation and in time record of performance standards and other reports which show the efficiency level relatively of particular strategies and policies in enhancing security and efficient border control aims and helping in the proper apportion of resources by the two government Enhanced discussion and consultation of other regional governments as well as other stakeholders, including first responders, environmental interest groups, landowners and economic interest groups in the formulation of policy procedures on all sides of the border. The important point of Canadas relationship with the U.S. from the 80s has solely been aimed at enhancing the financial benefits got especially from the trading openly and travelling. Since early 2001, a vital factor of benefitting from these advantages was aimed at reducing true and expected dangers that governance similarity and administration errors can help Canada to turn to a port and platform for violence acts against its neighbour therefore further building the point for U.S. local needs indifferent to the economic expenses of widening the border (Bradbury, 2013). The political transition as at now in the United States creates the best chance to take account of both successes and downfalls in merging improved, manageable degrees of security and border facilities for proper and usual less risky trade and travelling cross-border and in national borders by thousands of Canadians and Americans (Bigo, 2014). The old saying that a chain is as only strong as its weakest knot is especially shown when it comes to border management. And that the weakest point can mainly occur at the point where border authorities interjoin and especially in maritime situations, such as the Mediterranean, where attempted mass movement have become such an enormous issue. There are other objectives why efficient co-operation is so important (Damar Mordel, 2016). The largest security issues that are way past the ability of any one country to resolve alone, however strong they are terrorism, trafficking of people and arms control. It is also important to deal with these issues like visa controls, and free trade agreements not on a bilateral level but a multilateral and stringent governmental impact keep systems at par and fit to work properly (Damar Mordel, 2016). First, those in power and companies in all areas of the border have brought substantial monetary inputs in current border control strategies and ways which have enhanced the countries ability to create efficient safety. However, most of the ways are acts being developed which can be aided by a clearly defined external review. Enough cases of local violent acts have previously been uncovered by the local and cross-border officials cooperation and the need for continued observation as well as a confidence level in the efficacy of the current legal, safe nets in Canada and the USA (Carter Poast, 2015). However, setting up a safe and effective border to cater for future economic and financial growth needs stringent political authority as well as inter-agency cooperation to set up expansive legal cooperation which has previously been present between the two neighbouring countries relating to a large spectrum of the border as well as legal issues. Joint border control department was created and reports to cabinet officials in the U.S. and Canada. This would, in turn, create the much-needed point for ensuring border control requirements that could probably be side-tracked despite the differences in decision makers priorities (Atzili, 2012) Cross-border intervention and policing officials cooperation brings a format for efficient law-enforcement across the border, with small changes to enhance operational efficacy although the border issues still bring about significant revenue to dangerous cartels that are innovative as well as stubborn in most of the actions. Various analysts even explained that the efficacy of the kind of solution to divided safety might not possibly be manifested at the main office in D.C. (Carter,2015) The realization of the benefits is a main reason in the coming revenue apportioning choices, and in creating the much accountability among law enforcing officials and between them and anti-terrorism acts. The very near and innovative cooperation of the two countries law officials and groups at the border via IBETS could be the most vital of the integral reasons that differentiates the quality relatively as well as efficiency of the control of border on the north border side from that along the US and Mexico border (Carter Goemans, 2014) Secondly, specific systems to improve the safety and the efficacy of routine trading patterns between the two countries were brought about although, as shown earlier, enhancements could be undertaken to improve the access of these strategies and their interaction with the daily acts of people, relatives and companies with little or no reduction in current threshold of security (Gibler, 2012). However, the ways in which the programs have been applied have also been as a result of the widening of the border. This increases the challenges of economic cooperation across the border derived from bureaucratic supply processes and the many associations of individuals and societies across the state borders (Hassner Wittenberg, 2015). Pushing security far away from the point of entry or exit, or bringing together particular points of global safety, especially for railway and transport by trucks, could potentially bring about more opportunities for an equal win scenario by individuals and companies. Access to these kinds of ways ought to be enhanced through techniques that are low in cost for people and companies, and that dont really amplify broad safety threats (Ishise Matsuo, 2015) Enhanced Drivers License approach is one of the best forms of creating these kinds of strategies in which objectives of border security and control help each other without bringing about dangers to security nationally or large expenses to decision makers or individuals. It also shows the profits to be derived when safety strategies are merged to, and joined to, current admin and financial methods instead of putting them on each other (Scott, 2017). These kinds of approaches need a trustworthy, citizen-oriented outlook of both regional and national territories as national territories for governmental different, socially, financially and/or often culturally different states (Scott, 2017). A proper and functioning border, unlike others that are widening in the centre areas, needs the realization that the proper application of some of the lengthy war waged against external radical radicalism and its violence aspects have to be primarily brought about by a local as well as external agreement being managed for or near eternity (Guo, 2015) On difficulties relating to the economic and physical well-being as well as security for both neighbouring nations, there ought to be zero Liberals nor Conservatives, Democrats nor Republicans. There have to be persons that could master combining the safe and effective borders that could potentially enhance individuals and also provide protection to them (Stirrup Clarke, 2015). For a functioning border, there has to be vigilance on risky safety problems, as well as the ability and capacity to realize the bureaucratic and arbitrary actions that are all large organizations that are able with no adequate local and foreign aspects. It has to be realized further that the emerging issues seem to divide individuals from the people charged with having authority. Therefore, it brings about the danger of not considering the common participation as well as an agreement that proper safety needs for democracies (Menjvar, 2014). Empowering individuals to take a broader proportion of responsibility in their own security and also that of those other individuals around them is probably to bear higher returns when creating and maintaining common ground for security strategies, therefore making it less difficult to manage them. The procedure of involving individuals and society at large in the decision-making and the planning as well as the application of a border crossing across the two nations although lengthy and time-wasting illustrates many advantages of considering such approaches in cooperation to manage the said border properly (Mazon et al., 2017). States that could be referred to as failed around the world as well as failed neighbourhoods locally illustrate how hard it is for individuals and companies to succeed when the security of man is mostly at risk. Similarly, poorly application of security strategies and strategies, which affect growth and chance for normal individuals living in the continent, face the danger of changing safety and freedom into zero-sum games (Pellerin, 2013). Conclusion Effective border management is a vital safety issue in the area i.e. U.S.-Canada, which exhibited a substantial increase in cross-border violence as well as trafficking of drugs, guns, and people. If properly managed, borders could potentially increase legitimate trading and transport in the area and build the safety, growth, and prosperity between the two countries (Carter Poast, 2015). As most businesses development continues, and while the requirement of states to aid their SMEs competes in the global economy increase, states strategies, for example, those of merging and integrating border obligations become vital for expansion and growth. The application of merge policies and processes locally decreases expenses, maximizes efficacy, enhances the safety, and aids trade. By merging border policies globally into one entity or enhancing policies at border points, countries could perform together to share with each other vital data and border expenses while enhancing their performance (Carter Poast, 2015). References Arbel, E., Brenner, A. (2014). Bordering on failure: Canada-US border policy and the politics of refugee exclusion. Bigo, D. (2014). The (in) securitization practices of the three universes of EU border control: Military/Navyborder guards/policedatabase analysts. Security Dialogue, 45(3), 209-225. Atzili, B. (2012). Good fences, bad neighbors: Border fixity and international conflict. University of Chicago Press. Bradbury, S. L. (2013). The impact of security on travelers across the CanadaUS border. Journal of transport geography, 26, 139-146. Carter, D. B., Poast, P. (2015). Why do states build walls? Political economy, security, and border stability. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(2), 239-270. Carter, D. B. (2015). The compellence dilemma: international disputes with violent groups. International Studies Quarterly, 59(3), 461-476. Damar, H. E., Mordel, A. (2016). International banking and cross-border effects of regulation: Lessons from Canada (No. 2016-34). Bank of Canada Staff Working Paper. Carter, D. B., Goemans, H. E. (2014). The temporal dynamics of new international borders. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 31(3), 285-302. Davis, D. F., Friske, W. (2013). Defining the Soft Infrastructure of Border Crossings: A Case Study at the CanadaUS Border. American Review of Canadian Studies, 43(4), 477-493. Gibler, D. M. (2012). The territorial peace: Borders, state development, and international conflict. Cambridge University Press. Frontex (2017). Principles. European Border and Coast Guard Agency. Retrieved from https://frontex.europa.eu/training/principles/ Guo, R. (2015). Managing Across Borders. In Cross-Border Management (pp. 51-73). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Hassner, R. E., Wittenberg, J. (2015). Barriers to Entry: Who Builds Fortified Boundaries and Why?. International Security, 40(1), 157-190. Ishise, H., Matsuo, M. (2015). USCanada border effect between 1993 and 2007: smaller, less asymmetrical, and declining. Review of World Economics, 151(2), 291-308. Mazon, G., Silva, F. M., Ferreira, M. P., Serra, F. R. (2017). Knowledge motives in the cross-border acquisitions: A case research of three Brazilian multinationals. Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 15(1). Menjvar, C. (2014). Immigration law beyond borders: Externalizing and internalizing border controls in an era of securitization. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 10, 353-369. Pellerin, H. (2013). Border, migration and economic integration: Towards a New Political Economy of Borders. Global surveillance and policing: Borders, security, identity, 51-65. Polner, M. (2011). Coordinated border management: from theory to practice. World Customs Journal, 5(2), 49-64. PWC. (2015). The Future of Border Management: Maintaining security; facilitating prosperity Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/publications/documents/the-future-of-border-management.pdf Scott, J. W. (2017). Cross?Border, Transnational, and Interregional Cooperation. The International Encyclopedia of Geography. Springer, M. C., Davidson, D. (2015). Speeding up fast: Shortening waiting times for commercial freight at the CanadaUS border. Research in Transportation Business Management, 16, 74-83. Stirrup, D., Clarke, J. (2015). Straddling Boundaries: Culture and the Canada-US Border Vallet, E. (2014). Borders, fences, and walls: State of insecurity? (Border Regions Series). Yu, T. Y., Huang, P. T. (2014). Border innovation management, improved passenger services, and satisfaction acceptance. International Journal of Process Management and Benchmarking, 4(1), 89-108.

Essay on Public Speaking Essay Example

Essay on Public Speaking Paper Public Speaking Public Speaking and Communication 1. Personal opinion on Public Speaking. Suggested answers: Public speaking means giving a speech to a group of people on a special occasion like Teachers Day, opening ceremony of an event, graduation. i) Nervous, self-conscious, butterflies in the stomach, scared; challenging, fun, confidence booster, empowering. ii) To be a more confident, fluent, effective public speaker; to gain confidence, improve the command of English, overcome the fear of speaking in front of an audience. 2. What should you do to give a good speech. Suggested answers: write out the speech and memorise the script;- practice, practice, practice! choose an interesting title; make it short, funny and captivating; speak clearly with a moderate speed; use simple language and make sure one idea is connected to another naturally. 3. Ethics. Answers: i) Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy (ethical, sociological, psychological) responsibilities. ii) (Rhetoric, Ethics, Theology) is a branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. iii) In public speaking, sound ethical decisions involved weighing a potential course of action against A. a set of ethical standards of guidelines. B. the practicality of taking that course of action. C. a set of legal criteria for acceptable speech. D. the speakers goals in a given situation. iv) Which of the following violates the speakers ethical obligation to be honest in what she or he says? A. juggling statistics. B. quoting out of context. C. citing unusual cases as typical examples. D. all of the above. v) Even though it is not easy to assess a speakers goals, it is still necessary to ask ethical questions about those goals. True / False We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Public Speaking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Public Speaking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Public Speaking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer vi) The larger the audience becomes, the greater is the ethical responsibility of the speaker to be fully prepared. 4. Impromptu Speech: Self-introduction Suggested answer: Good morning to everyone. My name is John Ooi Teck Leong, you can call me John or my nickname TL. My hometown is Sitiawan, Perak. My parents run a small family business in town. I have an elder sister and two younger brothers. When Im free, I like to hang out with my friends, play basketball and watch the TV. I come to UTAR because I want to become an accountant, and my parents believe UTAR is the right place for me. In the future, I hope to become a successful accountant, run my own auditing firm, buy a big house for my family and travel around the world. Thats all, thank you! 5. Famous influential speakers of the world. Suggested answers: Mahatma Gandhi political spiritual leader of India who fought for independence Aung San Suu Kyi freedom fighter of Myanmar Sir Winston Spencer Churchill -Prime Minister of the U. K. during WWII John F. Kennedy 35th President of the USA (1917-1963) Martin Luther King civil rights activist, USA (1929-1968)

The History and Archaeology of Chauvet Cave

The History and Archaeology of Chauvet Cave Chauvet Cave (also known as  Chauvet-Pont dArc) is currently the oldest known rock art site in the world, apparently dating to the Aurignacian period in France, about 30,000-32,000 years ago. The cave is located in the Pont-dArc Valley of Ardà ¨che, France, at the entrance of the Ardà ¨che gorges between the Cevennes and Rhone valleys. It extends horizontally for nearly 500 meters (~1,650 feet) into the earth and consists of two main rooms separated by a narrow hallway. Paintings at Chauvet Cave Over 420 paintings have been documented in the cave, including numerous realistic animals (reindeer, horses, aurochs, rhinoceros, bison, lions, cave bears among others), human handprints, and abstract dot paintings. The paintings in the front hall are primarily red, created with the liberal applications of red ochre, while the ones in the back hall are mainly black designs, drawn with charcoal. The paintings at Chauvet are highly realistic, which is unusual for this period in Paleolithic rock art. In one famous panel (a little bit is shown above) an entire pride of lions is illustrated, and the feeling of movement and power of the animals is tangible even in photographs of the cave taken in poor light and at low resolution. Archaeological Investigation The preservation in the cave is remarkable. Archaeological material in Chauvet caves deposits include thousands of animal bones, including the bones of at least 190 cave bears (Ursus spelaeus). The remains of hearths, an ivory spearhead, and a human footprint have all been identified within the caves deposits. Chauvet Cave was discovered in 1994 by Jean-Marie Chauvet; the relatively recent discovery of this remarkably intact cave painting site has allowed researchers to closely control the excavations using modern methods. In addition, the researchers have worked to protect the site and its contents. Since 1996, the site has been under investigation by an international team led by Jean Clottes, combining geology, hydrology, paleontology, and conservation studies; and, since that time, it has been closed to the public, to preserve its fragile beauty. Dating Chauvet The dating of Chauvet cave is based on 46 AMS radiocarbon dates taken on tiny pieces of paint from the walls, conventional radiocarbon dates on human and animal bone, and Uranium/Thorium dates on speleotherms (stalagmites). The deep age of the paintings and their realism has led in some circles to a scholarly revision of the notion of paleolithic cave art styles: since radiocarbon dates are a more recent technology than the bulk of cave art studies, codified cave art styles are based on stylistic changes. Using this measure, Chauvets art is closer to Solutrean or Magdalenian in age, at least 10,000 years later than the dates suggest. Paul Pettitt has questioned the dates, arguing that the radiocarbon dates within the cave are earlier than the paintings themselves, which he believes are Gravettian in style and date to no earlier than about 27,000 years ago. Additional radiocarbon dating of the cave bear population continues to support the original date of the cave: the bone dates all fall between 37,000 and 29,000 years old. Further, samples from a nearby cave support the idea that cave bears may have been extinct in the region by 29,000 years ago. That would mean that the paintings, which include cave bears, must be at least 29,000 years old. One possible explanation for the stylistic sophistication of Chauvets paintings is that perhaps there was another entrance to the cave, that allowed later artists access to the cave walls. A study of the geomorphology of the cave vicinity published in 2012 (Sadier and colleagues 2012), argues that the cliff overhanging the cave collapsed repeatedly beginning 29,000 years ago, and sealed the only entrance at least 21,000 years ago. No other cave access point has ever been identified, and given the morphology of the cave, none is likely to be found. These findings do not resolve the Aurignacian/Gravettian debate, although even at 21,000 years of age, Chauvet cave remains the oldest known cave painting site. Werner Herzog and Chauvet Cave In late 2010, film director Werner Herzog presented a documentary film of Chauvet Cave, shot in three-dimensions, at the Toronto film festival. The film, Cave of the Forgotten Dreams, premiered in limited movie houses in the United States on April 29, 2011. Sources Abadà ­a OM, and Morales MRG. 2007.  Thinking about style in the post-stylistic era: reconstructing the stylistic context of Chauvet.  Oxford Journal of Archaeology  26(2):109-125. Bahn PG. 1995. New developments in Pleistocene art.  Evolutionary Anthropology  4(6):204-215. Bocherens H, Drucker DG, Billiou D,  Geneste  J-M, and van der Plicht J. 2006.  Bears and humans in Chauvet Cave (Vallon-Pont-dArc, Ardà ¨che, France): Insights from stable isotopes and radiocarbon dating of bone collagen.  Journal of Human Evolution  50(3):370-376. Bon C, Berthonaud V, Fosse P, Gà ©ly B, Maksud F, Vitalis R, Philippe M, van der Plicht J, and Elalouf J-M.  Low Regional Diversity Of Late Cave Bears Mitochondrial  Ã‚  Journal of Archaeological Science  In Press, Accepted Manuscript.Dna  At The Time Of Chauvet Aurignacian Paintings. Chauvet J-M, Deschamps EB, and Hillaire C. 1996. Chauvet Cave: The worlds oldest paintings, dating from around 31,000 BC.  Minerva  7(4):17-22. Clottes J, and Lewis-Williams D. 1996. Upper Palaeolithic cave art: French and South African collaboration.  Cambridge Archaeological Journal  6(1):137-163. Feruglio V. 2006  De la faune au bestiaire - La grotte Chauvet-Pont-dArc, aux origines de lart parià ©tal palà ©olithique.  Comptes Rendus Palevol  5(1-2):213-222. Genty D, Ghaleb B, Plagnes V, Causse C, Valladas H, Blamart D, Massault M, Geneste J-M, and Clottes J. 2004.  Datations U/Th (TIMS) et 14C (AMS) des stalagmites de la grotte Chauvet (Ardà ¨che, France) : intà ©rà ªt pour la chronologie des à ©và ©nements naturels et anthropiques de la grotte.  Comptes Rendus Palevol  3(8):629-642. Marshall M. 2011.  Bear DNA hints at age of Chauvet cave art.  The New Scientist  210(2809):10-10. Sadier  B, Delannoy JJ, Benedetti L, Bourlà ©s DL, Stà ©phane J,  Geneste  J-M, Lebatard A-E, and Arnold M. 2012. Further constraints on the Chauvet cave artwork elaboration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early edition. Pettitt P. 2008.  Art and the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe: Comments on the archaeological arguments for an early Upper Paleolithic antiquity of the Grotte Chauvet art.  Journal of Human Evolution  55(5):908-917. Sadier  B, Delannoy JJ, Benedetti L, Bourlà ©s DL, Stà ©phane J,  Geneste  J-M, Lebatard A-E, and Arnold M. 2012.  Further constraints on the Chauvet cave artwork elaboration.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  Early edition.

Should schools require their students to wear a school uniform Essay

Should schools require their students to wear a school uniform - Essay Example In this paper we will address the problems faced by schools and how they are dealing with these issues. Schools throughout the country have been experiencing discipline problems. One the one hand, a number of students have been harassed because of what they wear. It is no secret that students who cannot afford designer clothes and who do not wear the latest trends are belittled and made fun of. These students are ostracised and alienated by their peers. Additionally, they are called names because they wear second hand clothes and some experience bullying at the hands of peers that are more popular. On the other hand, a number of students who can afford expensive items have been attacked because they wear items other students covet. These students are beaten up and robbed. Another problem is that some students simply wear inappropriate clothing. How many times have we seen teenage girls wear extremely short skirts and revealing tops? How many times have we seen teenage boys wear baggy pants and exposed underwear? It has become increasingly common to see teenagers wear clothes that are too daring and clothes bearing inappropriate insignias. It is usual to see kids wear clothing bearing suggestive or offensive messages. Additionally, according to an article published by the education bug website, schools authorities have a difficult time identifying intruders who wander into school, for both students and intruders wear street clothes. This is a very serious matter, as outsiders could pose a grave threat to the students. One possible solution to these problems is to adopt school uniforms policies. According to an article published by the Education Bug website, the Long Beach Unified School District in California adopted a mandatory uniform policy in 1994, and the use of uniforms in public schools is growing, especially in elementary, middle and high school. According to the National Center of

The book lord of the rings are directed towards demographic for Essay

The book lord of the rings are directed towards demographic for children that believe in fantasy, in the other hand lord of the rings in the movies are action filled and more for adults - Essay Example .R.R Tolkien’s novel called â€Å"Tolkien Gateway† had described the book, Lord of the Ring, and corrected about the misconception of its being a trilogy: J.R.R. Tolkiens epic high-fantasy work The Lord of the Rings. Although widely mistaken as a trilogy or series, it is only one book, although usually published in three separate volumes. The original publishers split it into three parts because they felt that no-one would want, or be able to afford, to purchase a volume as large as the one Tolkien had written. However, some editions have since een published as a single book, the way the author intended. Picking up a few decades after The Hobbit left off, The Lord of the Rings seems to presuppose that the reader is already familiar with the previous book – its opening sentence leaps straight into a description of Bilbo Baggins 111th birthday party preparations, without bothering to introduce the character (Bilbo was the main character for The Hobbit). However, it is quite easy to get into the swing of the books, as they introduce all the other characters well. The sequel picks up on what was only a minor prop, Gollums Ring, in The Hobbit, and reveals it to be an object of enormous power and evil, the One Ring itself, forged by the Dark Lord Sauron. Although the book has many plot threads, the primary one follows the journey of Frodo Baggins, Bilbos nephew, as he and his companions attempt to destroy the Ring. (Tolkien Gateway 2011) Director, Peter Jackson fulfills his lifelong dream of transforming author J.R.R. Tolkiens best-selling fantasy epic into a three-part motion picture that begins with this holiday 2001 release. Elijah Wood stars as Frodo Baggins, a Hobbit resident of the medieval "Middle-earth" who discovers that a ring bequeathed to him by beloved relative and benefactor Bilbo (Ian Holm) is in fact the "One Ring," a device that will allow its master to manipulate dark powers and enslave the world. Frodo is charged by the wizard Gandalf (Ian

What are the relative health impacts of using (i) Arsenic- Essay

What are the relative health impacts of using (i) Arsenic- contaminated groundwater and (ii) surface waters as drinking waters in Bangladesh. Should Bangladesh - Essay Example Delete the irrelevant things and add on more useful words.I really appreciated that you did not plagiarised,and make sure you do this again in your new work.And pls make the dissertation more academic.Im looking forward to receiving your new work.Do not let me down please.Thank you! Â   My research proposal is based on the relative health impacts of using Arsenic contaminated groundwater and surface waters as drinking waters in Bangladesh and to know if Bangladesh can use treated water as drinking water. Ground water is one of the chief drinking water foundation in Bangladesh. Ground water pollution by arsenic has previously taken grave turn in Bangladesh. According to accessible information, millions of human beings are "at danger" dying out by arsenic in Bangladesh. In vision of this truth we feel that a widespread research work on arsenic pollution of ground water in Bangladesh is of immense significance and actions will be taken in addition to recommendation for giving arsenic free drinking water contribution in justifying the arsenic lesions. Nine regions in West Bengal, India, and 44 regions in Bangladesh have arsenic stages in groundwater over the World Health Organization (WHO) maximum allowable boundary of 50 [micro grams/Liter). The divisions and population of the 42 regions in Bangladesh and the 9 regions in West Bengal are 92,108 [km.sup.2] and 80.1 million and 38,932 [km.sup.2] and 44.5 million, correspondingly. In Bangladesh, it is recognized 496 pretentious villages affected. 11,103 Water samples were collected from 44 arsenic-affected regions in Bangladesh for examination. Of the water samples that were examined, 61 % contained arsenic levels above 50 [microg/L]. Thousands of hair, nail, and urine test samples from people living in arsenic-affected villages have been examined to date; Bangladesh, 92% samples, on an average, enclosed arsenic above the standard/toxic level. My research wills